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SIY5.TXT
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SIY5.TXT Topographic Maps and Aerial Photographs 29
Chapter 5
Topographic Maps and Aerial Photographs
The first survey which you should do on any piece of land is to simply to look
at the topographic map. Topo maps at a scale of 2000 feet per inch are
available for most of the United States for less than five bux [$5] delivered.
See USGS or Timely Discount Topos in Chapter 14 for instructions on where to
order a topo map in the USA.
In other parts of the world, write the Geological Survey in your capital.
Having taught topo map reading at the University of Kentucky, I know that I
cannot teach you to read a topo map by mail. The only way for you to learn to
read topo maps is to compare a topo map and the real ground. Order the topo
map for a familiar area, like around your home. Be sure that you get the
pamphlet "Topographic Map Symbols" too. Then walk around with the map,
compass, and symbol sheet. Orient the map so that the North Arrow points the
same way as the compass needle. Compare the map with reality.
The only really different feature of the topo map is the topographic contour
lines, those random brown squiggles doodled all over the map. If these contour
lines still seem like random brown squiggles to you, try this.
Imagine the Second Great Flood. As The Sea rises, the new shoreline will move
up into the land. At any given rise in The Sea level above today's Mean Sea
Level (MSL), the new shoreline will be represented by the contour line at that
level. You can see [hopefully] that in level land, a large area will be
flooded by a small rise in The Sea. On steep ground, the new land flooded
would be only a narrow strip. Bays will reach up into the valleys, and ridges
will extend out into The Sea. High ground will eventually become a chain of
islands.
The contour lines do all these things, without the necessity of all that water.
Be sure to ask for the free pamphlet "Topographic Map Symbols" when you order
your first topos. Every house, barn, creek, river, rapids, dam, highway, road,
jeep trail, government boundary, school, cemetery, church, pond, lake, picnic
grounds, railroad, high tension line, pipeline, mine, strip mine, wood lot,
swamp, spring, windmill, &c, etc, et cetera is marked with a special symbol.
In Township and Range country, the section corners and lines are marked.
Sometimes fence lines are on the map too.
Once you have learned to read a topo map on familiar ground, you can read a map
of any place of interest. Map Reference Libraries are located at most college
Geology and Geography Departments, and at major city libraries. The addresses
of these Map Reference Libraries are listed on the Index Map for that state.
SIY5.TXT Topographic Maps and Aerial Photographs 30
Many public libraries have topographic maps of the local area.
Topos are so quick and cheap from Timely Discount Topos that you can order them
for an area of interest and then use them for impressive wallpaper.
Each state has an index map or a "green book" which you can use to determine
the proper map to order.
Each topo covers about 7 miles across for the standard 7.5 minute map. It is
named for some prominent feature, generally the largest city, village, or
hamlet, but sometimes for some other landmark. Each map tells which maps join
on the sides and corners. You can make three guesses of the proper map and get
the index map or "green book" and a "Topographic Map Symbols" pamphlet all for
less than ten bux [$10] delivered. This will make you an instant expert on
local land use.
Aerial photographs for agricultural areas are available in your county ASCS
office. See Chapter 14. Visit them with the area of interest marked on your
topo map. Use the office photo mosaic index to locate the aerial photo
covering your land. It may help if you know the name of a nearby farmer so
that the clerk can look up the photo of his farm.
County ASCS offices usually have photos of all agricultural land at a scale of
660 or 1000 feet per inch. Fields, trees, buildings, roads, cow paths, streams,
fences, etc., etc. can be easily seen on the photos. ASCS may have their
version of the property boundaries and ownership marked on the photos. Where
the property boundaries are field boundaries, the ASCS version is usually quite
accurate. In woodland, they are guaranteed incorrect.
You may also be interested in using a stereoscope. With this instrument, two
aerial photos are combined to create a 3-D image of the land. This is one of
those things which you just must see to believe!
In non agricultural areas, the BLM, National Forest, Corpse [sick] of
Engineers, or other agency may have aerial photography. Sometimes in color. I
doubt that there is any part of the United States for which aerial photography
is not available.
I can't teach you to read topo maps or aerial photos by mail. But if you have
trouble finding the proper item, I might be able to help. And if you have any
interesting scientific or engineering applications, I'd be glad to consult.
Agriculture, geology, hydrology, botany, forestry, wildlife management,
archaeology, land use planning, flood management, historical research,
construction engineering, and law enforcement come quickly to mind.
SIY5.TXT Topographic Maps and Aerial Photographs 31
The Silva Ranger is especially handy for determining your location on a topo
map. First, find some recognizable landmark both on the ground and on the
map. Then measure the direction to it with the Ranger. Next, place the Ranger
on the map with the edge passing thru your landmark and the meridian lines
inside of the compass dial aligned with the north-south lines on your topo
map. Your location is along this line. If you shoot and plot the direction to
another landmark, your location will be where the two plotted lines cross. You
can get a feel for the amount of error involved by plotting directions from
several landmarks.
With the Ranger this is so fast and easy that it can be easier done than said,
once you find your landmark. If you have ever tried this with a Brunton pocket
transit, protractor, ruler, and pencil, then you will really appreciate having
everything in one instrument and the protractor already set to the proper
reading too. Geologists' Heaven!
Dave Beiter
CAVE Inc
1/2 Fast Road
Ritner KY 42639
606/376-3137